Mu injini zonse zoyatsira mkati, crankshaft ndi ndodo zolumikizira zimazungulira mumayendedwe apadera - liners.Werengani za chomwe liner ya crankshaft ili, ntchito zake zimagwira ntchito bwanji, ndi mitundu yanji ya ma liner ndi momwe amasanjirira, komanso kusankha kolondola kwa ma liner atsopano kuti akonze - werengani nkhaniyi.
Kodi ma crankshaft liners ndi chiyani?
Crankshaft liner ndi gawo la makina opangira injini zoyatsira mkati, zokhala ndi chigwa chomwe chimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kupanikizana kwa magawo omwe amalumikizana ndi crankshaft ndi bedi la chipika cha injini.crankshaftndi ndodo zolumikizira pisitoni.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zimbalangondo kumabwera chifukwa cha zovuta komanso zolemetsa zazikulu, zomwe kugubuduza (mpira kapena roller) kungagwire ntchito mopanda phindu ndipo kumakhala ndi chidziwitso chachifupi.Masiku ano, mayunitsi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma liner, ndipo pa injini zotsika zamphamvu imodzi ndi ziwiri za silinda, zitsulo zogudubuza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zothandizira crankshaft.
Ma crankshaft liners ali ndi ntchito zingapo zofunika:
• Kuchepetsa mphamvu zokangana pamalo okhudzana ndi crankshaft, zothandizira ma cylinder block ndi ndodo zolumikizira;
• Kusamutsa mphamvu ndi ma torque omwe amabwera panthawi ya injini - kuchokera ku ndodo zolumikizira kupita ku crankshaft, kuchokera ku crankshaft kupita ku chipika cha injini, ndi zina zotero;
• Kugawa bwino kwa mafuta (kupanga filimu yamafuta) pamtunda wa zigawo zopaka;
• Kuyanjanitsa koyenera ndi kuyika kwa magawo okhudzana ndi mzake.
Zingwe za crankshaft zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwamagetsi, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zosavuta pakupanga.
Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a crankshaft liners
Crankshaft plain bearings amagawidwa m'mitundu malinga ndi malo oyika, cholinga ndi miyeso yokonza.
Pamalo oyikapo, pali mitundu iwiri ya liner:
•Amwenye;
• Ndodo zolumikizira.
Zonyamula zazikulu zimayikidwa pa bedi la crankshaft mu chipika cha injini ndikuphimba zolemba zazikulu za crankshaft, kuwonetsetsa kusinthasintha kwake kwaulere.Zolumikizira zolumikizira zingwe zimayikidwa m'munsi mwa ndodo yolumikizira ndikuphimba magazini yolumikizira ya crankshaft.
Komanso, zoyikapo zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi cholinga chawo:
• Zachizoloŵezi - perekani kokha kuchepetsa mphamvu zotsutsana pa malo okhudzana ndi magawo;
• Kutsekera kwakukulu - kumaperekanso kukhazikika kwa crankshaft pabedi, kuteteza kusamuka kwake kwa axial.
Zimbalangondo zokhazikika zimakhala zathyathyathya, zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala ngati mphete.Kutsekera kungathe kupangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kukakamiza theka-mphete (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu seti ndi lathyathyathya liner) ndi liners ndi kolala;Mphete zatheka zimayikidwa kumapeto kwa injini, zomangira za kolala zimayikidwa pa chothandizira chimodzi kapena ziwiri za bedi la crankshaft.
Zingwe za crankshaft zimatha kugwira ntchito ndipo ziyenera kusinthidwa, zolemba za crankshaft zimayambanso kuvala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa magawo opaka.Ngati muyika zingwe zatsopano za makulidwe ofanana ndi akale, kusiyana kwake kumakhalabe kwakukulu, komwe kumakhala kodzaza ndi kugogoda komanso kuvala kwambiri.Pofuna kupewa izi, zomangira zomwe zimatchedwa miyeso yokonza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - makulidwe owonjezera pang'ono omwe amalipira kuvala kwa magazini a crankshaft.Zingwe zatsopano zimakhala ndi kukula kwa 0,00, zopangira zopangira zimapangidwira ndi kuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe ndi 0,25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 mm, zoyikazo zimasankhidwa motsatira +0,25, +0.5, ndi zina zotero.
Mapangidwe a liners crankshaft
Chovala cha crankshaft plain ndi chophatikizika, chili ndi mphete ziwiri zachitsulo zosalala zomwe zimaphimba magazini ya crankshaft (pamwamba ndi pansi).Pali zinthu zingapo mu gawo ili:
• Mabowo (amodzi kapena awiri) operekera mafuta mu ngalande zamafuta mu crankshaft ndi ndodo yolumikizira;
• Maloko mu mawonekedwe a spikes kapena grooves kwa mapini kuti akonze zonyamula mu chithandizo cha bedi la crankshaft kapena m'munsi mwa ndodo yolumikizira mutu;
• Longitudinal groove kuti apereke mafuta ku dzenje (lopangidwa kokha pazitsulo zomwe zili pambali pa njira - iyi ndi mzere wapansi waukulu ndi chingwe chapamwamba cholumikizira ndodo);
• Mu kolala thrust liners - m'mbali makoma (makolala) kukonza kunyamula ndi kuchepetsa axial kayendedwe ka crankshaft.
Mzerewu ndi mawonekedwe a multilayer, maziko ake ndi mbale yachitsulo yokhala ndi anti-friction coating yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yake.Ndilo zokutira izi zomwe zimapereka kuchepa kwa mikangano ndi moyo wautali wautumiki wa kubereka, zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zofewa, komanso, zimatha kukhala multilayered.Chifukwa cha kufewa kwake kumunsi, zokutira za liner zimatenga tinthu tating'ono tating'ono ta crankshaft kuvala, kumalepheretsa kupanikizana kwa magawo, scuffing, ndi zina zambiri.
Mwa mapangidwe, zingwe za crankshaft zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri:
• Bimetal;
• Trimetallic.
Bimetallic bearings amakonzedwa mosavuta.Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi chingwe chachitsulo chokhala ndi makulidwe a 0.9-4 mm (malingana ndi mtundu ndi cholinga cha gawolo, zotengera zazikulu ndizokulirapo, ndodo zolumikizira ndizochepa thupi), pomwe wosanjikiza wa antifriction ndi makulidwe a 0.25- 0.4 mm imayikidwa.mafuta olimba) mpaka 75%, amathanso kukhala ndi faifi tambala, cadmium, zinki ndi zitsulo zina.
Kuphatikiza pa zokutira zazikulu zotsutsana ndi mikangano, ma trimetallic liners amakhala ndi chivundikiro chokhala ndi makulidwe a 0.012-0.025 mm (12-25 μm), omwe amapereka chitetezo (amalimbana ndi dzimbiri komanso kuvala mopitilira muyeso) komanso kumathandizira makhalidwe a kubereka.Chophimba ichi chimapangidwa ndi lead-tin-copper alloy yokhala ndi lead ya 92-100%, malata mpaka 12% ndi mkuwa osapitilira 3%.
Komanso, zigawo zowonjezera zitha kupezeka mumayendedwe osavuta:
• Kuteteza pamwamba pa tini ndi tini yoyera yokhala ndi makulidwe a 0.5-1 microns okha, omwe amapereka chitetezo ku dzimbiri, mafuta ndi kuipitsidwa panthawi yoyendetsa, kuyika ndi kuthamanga kwa mzere;
• Chigawo chapansi chotetezera cha malata ndi chofanana chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa liner (kuyang'ana pazitsulo za crankshaft kapena mkati mwa mutu wa ndodo);
• Nickel sublayer (chotchinga cha nickel, gasket) - chowonda, chosaposa 1-2 micron wosanjikiza wa nickel pakati pa antifriction wamkulu wokutira ndi zokutira wosanjikiza.Chosanjikiza ichi chimalepheretsa kufalikira kwa maatomu a malata kuchokera pansanjika yokutira kupita ku wamkulu, zomwe zimatsimikizira kusasinthika kwa kapangidwe kake ka antifriction wamkulu.Popanda chotchinga cha nickel mu zokutira zazikulu, kuchuluka kwa tini kumatha kuchulukira, zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha koyipa kwa mawonekedwe.
Zomwe zimaganiziridwa za ma bearings omveka sizomwe zili muyeso, opanga ambiri amapereka machitidwe awo apadera ndi mapangidwe awo.Mwachitsanzo, aloyi yaikulu ya antifriction ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo osati mwachindunji, koma kudzera muzitsulo zowonjezera za aluminiyamu kapena aloyi yamkuwa, nsanjika yophimba ikhoza kukhala ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zopanda kutsogolera, ndi zina zotero.
Nkhani zakusankha ndikusintha ma liner a crankshaft
Posankha mayendedwe omveka, ndikofunikira kuyambira pa injini yachitsanzo, kuvala kwa zigawo za mating ndi kukhalapo kwazitsulo zokonza.Monga lamulo, ma liner amapangidwira mtundu umodzi wamitundu kapena mtundu umodzi wa injini, kotero ndizosatheka kuwasintha ndi magawo a mota ina (kupatulapo osowa).Komanso, simungagwiritse ntchito liners popanda kuganizira kuvala kwa magazini crankshaft, apo ayi kukonza kudzakhala mavuto aakulu.
Musanasankhe kukula kwa mayendedwe, ndikofunikira kudziwa mavalidwe a magazini a crankshaft ndi magawo ena ofananira (mabedi, mitu yolumikizira ndodo, ngakhale savutike kuvala).Kawirikawiri, kuvala kwa makosi kumachitika mosagwirizana, ena a iwo amavala mwamphamvu kwambiri, ena mocheperapo, koma seti yazitsulo zofananira zimagulidwa kuti zikonzedwe, kotero kuti makosi onse ayenera kukhala pansi mofanana.Kusankha kwa mtengo womwe ma crankshaft angagayire zimadalira kupezeka kwa ma bearings a kukula koyenera kwa injini iyi.Kwa ma motors okhala ndi mtunda wocheperako, kukula kwa kukonza kwa +0,25 kapena +0.5 kumasankhidwa, kwa ma mota omwe ali ndi mtunda wofunikira, akupera mpaka kukula kwa +1.0 angafunike, mu injini zakale kwambiri - mpaka +1.5.Choncho, kwa injini zatsopano, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mizere ya miyeso itatu kapena inayi yokonza (mpaka +0,75 kapena +1.0), ndipo kwa akale, amatha kupezeka mpaka +1.5.
Kukonza kukula kwa liners crankshaft kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti pakusonkhanitsa injini pakati pa crankshaft magazine ndi pamwamba, pali kusiyana kwa 0.03-0.07 mm.
Ndi kusankha koyenera kwa mayendedwe omveka a crankshaft, injini, ngakhale yokhala ndi mtunda wautali, idzagwira ntchito bwino komanso mogwira mtima m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-22-2023