Mu injini iliyonse yoyaka mkati mwa pisitoni pali gawo lomwe limalumikiza pisitoni kumutu wapamwamba wa ndodo yolumikizira - piston.Chilichonse chokhudza zikhomo za pistoni, mawonekedwe ake ndi njira zoyikapo, komanso kusankha kolondola ndikusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zikhomo zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi.
Piston ndi chiyani
Piston piston (PP) ndi gawo la gulu la pisitoni la injini yoyaka mkati;Silinda yachitsulo yopanda kanthu, mothandizidwa ndi pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira imakongoletsedwa.
Pakubwezeretsanso injini zoyatsira zamkati, kufalikira ndi kutembenuka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha kuyaka kwamafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya mu silinda kumachitika ndi gulu la pisitoni ndi makina a crank.Zigawo zazikulu za machitidwewa zimaphatikizapo pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira yokhala ndi cholumikizira cha hinge, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kupatutsa ndodo yolumikizira kuchokera ku piston axis ikakhala pakati pa malo apamwamba ndi otsika akufa (TDC ndi TDC).Kulumikizana kwa hinge kwa pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira kumayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito gawo losavuta - piston.
Piston imathetsa ntchito ziwiri zofunika:
● Amagwira ntchito ngati hinje pakati pa pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira;
● Amapereka kusamutsidwa kwa mphamvu ndi ma torque kuchokera ku ndodo yolumikizira kupita ku pistoni poyambitsa injini ndi pisitoni kupita ku ndodo yolumikizira pamene injini ikuyenda.
Ndiko kuti, PP sikuti imangogwirizanitsa pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira mu dongosolo limodzi (lomwe limaphatikizapo crankshaft), komanso limatsimikiziranso kugwirizanitsa kwa gulu la pistoni ndi makina opangira injini.Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kulikonse kapena kuvala kwa chala kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito amagetsi onse, zomwe zimafunikira kukonza mwachangu.Koma musanagule zikhomo zatsopano za pistoni, muyenera kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ndi zina.
Mitundu, chipangizo ndi mawonekedwe a piston piston
Pistons zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano zimakhala ndi mapangidwe ofanana: nthawi zambiri, ndi ndodo yachitsulo yopanda kanthu yokhala ndi makoma opyapyala omwe amaikidwa m'mabwana a pistoni ndi mutu wakumtunda wolumikizira.Pamapeto a pini, ma chamfers (akunja ndi amkati) amachotsedwa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyika kwa gawolo mu pisitoni kapena ndodo yolumikizira, komanso kupewa kuwonongeka kwa magawo ena ngati mutakumana nawo mwangozi.
Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandizira zitha kuchitidwa zala:
● Kubweretsa makoma amkati mu kondomu kuchokera pakati kupita kunja kuti muchepetse chala ndikusunga mphamvu zake;
● Malamba a mphete amkati mkatikati mwa chala kuti aumitse;
● Mabowo apambuyo okhotakhota okhazikika a pini ya bwana wa pisitoni.
Zikhomo za pistoni zimapangidwa ndi kaboni wofewa (15, 20, 45 ndi ena) ndi zitsulo zina (nthawi zambiri chromium 20X, 40X, 45X, 20HNZA ndi ena) zitsulo.Kunja kwakunja ndi lamba waung'ono kumapeto kwa magawo opangidwa ndi zitsulo zofewa ndi carburized ndi kuzimitsidwa mozama 1.5 mm mpaka kuuma kwa 55-62 HRC kufika (pamene wosanjikiza wamkati ali ndi kuuma kwa 22- 30 HRC).Zigawo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zapakati za carbon nthawi zambiri zimawumitsidwa ndi mafunde othamanga kwambiri.Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, kunja kwa PP kumayikidwa pakupera.Kuumitsa kwa gawoli kumapereka kukana kwakukulu kwa kunja kwake kuti avale, pamene kukhuthala kwa zigawo zamkati za khoma kumakhalabe ndi mphamvu ya chala chopirira katundu wodabwitsa ndi kugwedezeka.Kupukuta pamwamba kumathetsa madera omwe ali ndi zovuta zowopsa, zomwe pakugwira ntchito kwa injini zimatha kupangitsa kuti scuffing, kuumitsa kapena kuwonongeka kwa magawo.
Mapangidwe odziwika bwino a pistoni okhala ndi ndodo yolumikizira
Monga tanenera kale, pisitoni pin ili mu pisitoni ndi mutu kumtunda kwa ndodo kulumikiza, kulumikiza zigawo izi mu dongosolo limodzi.Mu pistoni ya gawo ili pali zowonjezera ziwiri zokhala ndi mabowo opingasa - mabwana.Pali njira ziwiri zopangira hinge pakati pa pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira:
● Ndi chala "choyandama";
● Ndi chala choponderezedwa mu ndodo yolumikizira.
Chiwembu chachiwiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mophweka: pamenepa, PP imakanikizidwa pamwamba (chidutswa chimodzi) mutu wa ndodo yolumikizira, yomwe imalepheretsa kusamutsidwa kwa axial, ndipo mabwana a pisitoni ali ndi kusiyana kwina. , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kutembenuza pisitoni wachibale ndi PP panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi m'njira zonse.Komanso, kusiyana kumapereka mafuta opaka mbali (ngakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwazing'ono, chala ndi malo a mabwana omwe amalumikizana nawo nthawi zonse zimagwira ntchito mopanda kokwanira).chiwembu ntchito pa galimoto zoweta VAZ-2101, 2105, 2108, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsanzo zamakono kupanga yachilendo.
Ndondomeko ya chala "yoyandama" imakhala yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ili ndi zigawo zingapo zothandizira.Muchiwembu ichi, PP yokhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono imayikidwa mbali zonse ziwiri - mabwana a pistoni ndi mutu wa ndodo yapamwamba, izi zimatsimikizira kusinthasintha kwake kwaufulu panthawi ya injini.Pofuna kupewa kusuntha kwa axial kwa chala, mphete zosungirako zowonongeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zili pamtunda wa mabwana - zimakhala ngati zoyimitsa PP, kuti zisagwe.Mphetezo zimatha kupangidwa ndi waya wamasika wokhala ndi gawo lozungulira kapena kusindikizidwa kuchokera pazitsulo.Pamapeto pake, mbalizo zimakhala ndi gawo lamakona anayi, ndipo mabowo a chida amaperekedwa kumapeto onse kuti athetse komanso kuchotsa mphetezo.
Nthawi zina, kutsekera bowa kapena mapulagi amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zofewa, kotero kuti samawononga galasi la silinda akalumikizana nalo.Mapulagi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mainjini amtundu wawiri wokhala ndi makonzedwe ena a mawindo olowera ndi kutulutsa mpweya, kuteteza kutuluka kwa gasi pakati pawo.Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza gawolo ndi zomangira m'munsi mwa bwana ndi kulowa mu dzenje kumapeto kwa PP.
Zikhomo za pistoni zokhazikika komanso zoyandama
PP, mosasamala kanthu za njira yokhazikitsira, ikhoza kukhala ndi kusamuka kwamtundu wa pistoni, kufika mamilimita imodzi ndi theka kapena kuposa.Kusamuka kumeneku ndicholinga chochepetsa katundu wosunthika womwe pisitoni, PP ndi mutu wa ndodo zimayikidwa pa TDC ndi TDC.Pistoni pakuyenda kwake kupita ku TDC ndi ku TDC imakanikizidwa ku khoma limodzi la silinda, zomwe zimatsogoleranso kukakamiza kwa PP ku khoma limodzi la mabowo mkati mwa mabwana.Zotsatira zake, pali mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutembenuza PP m'magawo okweretsa, ndipo podutsa TDC ndi TDC, kutembenuka kumatha kuchitika mwadzidzidzi - izi zimachitika ndi kugunda, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi kugogoda kwa khalidwe.Zinthu izi zimathetsedwa ndendende ndikuyika PP mu pisitoni ndikusuntha kwa axis.
Momwe mungasankhire ndikusintha piston
Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito injini, makamaka m'machitidwe osinthasintha, zala zimagwidwa ndi katundu wambiri, zimatha, zimatha kupunduka ndipo zimafuna kusinthidwa.Kufunika kosintha zala kumasonyezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa psinjika ndi kuchepa kwa machitidwe a injini, omwe amawonetsedwanso ndi kugogoda kwa khalidwe.
Kukonza mphamvu unit mu nkhani iyi yafupika kwa m'malo zala, ndipo nthawi zina mating mbali - kulumikiza ndodo mutu bushings mu kachitidwe ndi "kuyandama" PP, mphete ndi ena.Kusankhidwa kwa zala zatsopano ndi zigawo zina zimachitika molingana ndi miyeso yokonza.Mwachitsanzo, kwa injini zambiri zoweta, zigawo za kukula atatu kukonza, osiyana 0,004 mm (mwachitsanzo, injini Vaz zambiri ntchito zikhomo ndi awiri a 21.970-21.974 mm (gulu 1), 21.974-21.978 mm (gulu 2). ndi 21.978-21.982 mm (gulu lachitatu)).Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusankha zikhomo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, poganizira kuchuluka kwa ma diameter a mabowo m'magawo okwerera chifukwa cha kuvala komanso kusangalatsa kotsatira.Kutopetsa kumachitidwa nthawi zonse pamiyeso yofanana yokonza, ndipo ngati kuvala kwa magawo kumapitilira magawo omwe adanenedwa, ndiye kuti ayenera kusinthidwa.
Monga lamulo, zala zimagulitsidwa m'magulu (2, 4 kapena zidutswa zambiri), nthawi zina pamodzi ndi kusunga mphete ndi mbali zina.
Zikhomo za pisitoni zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira zokhazikitsira pisitoni
Pokonza gulu la pisitoni ndi zikhomo "zoyandama", palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera - kuyika magawo mu mabwana ndi kulumikiza ndodo kumachitidwa ndi dzanja.Ngati chala chasinthidwa ndi fixation mu ndodo yolumikizira, ndiye kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera chosindikizira ndi kukanikiza PP (mwachidule, izi zitha kukhala zomata ndi ndodo, koma akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zovuta kwambiri zamakina zomwe zimafanana ndi zoyipa. ).
Nthawi zina, kuyika kwa PP "yoyandama" mwa mabwana kumachitikanso mwa kusokoneza, chifukwa cha izi pisitoni imatenthedwa m'madzi kapena madzi ena mpaka 55-70 ° C isanakhazikitsidwe.Chowonadi ndi chakuti pisitoni ya aluminiyamu imakula mofulumira kuposa pini yachitsulo, kotero pa injini yopanda kutentha, kusiyana pakati pa zigawozo kumawonjezeka ndipo kugogoda kumawonekera.Mukayika PP mu kusokoneza, kusiyana kumachitika kokha pamene galimoto ikuwotha, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhudzidwa kwa magawo ndipo, motero, kugogoda.
Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito m'malo zikhomo pisitoni amafuna kwambiri disassembly wa injini, choncho ndi bwino kuchita izo ndi odziwa bwino kapena okhulupirira akatswiri.Pokhapokha ndi kusankha koyenera kwa zala ndi kukonza koyenera, gulu la pistoni lidzagwira ntchito modalirika komanso mogwira mtima, kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ikugwira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-11-2023