Mu injini iliyonse yamakono ya pisitoni pali mbali zomwe zimatsimikizira kulimba kwa chipinda choyaka ndi mafuta a masilinda - mphete za pistoni.Werengani zonse za mphete za pisitoni, mitundu yomwe ilipo, mawonekedwe ake ndi magwiridwe antchito, komanso kusankha koyenera ndikusintha mphete m'nkhani yomwe yaperekedwa.
Kodi mphete za piston ndi chiyani?
Mphete za pisitoni - zigawo za gulu la cylinder-piston (CPG) la injini yoyaka mkati;mphete zotsekeka zachitsulo zoyikidwa pa pistoni kuti zisindikize chipinda choyaka, kuchepetsa kutayika kwamafuta a injini ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa umalowa mu crankcase.
Kuti mugwire bwino ntchito ya injini yoyaka mkati mwa pisitoni, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti kupanikizika kopitilira mulingo wocheperako kumapangidwira m'chipinda choyaka kumapeto kwa pisitoni (pistoni ikafika pakati pakufa) - chizindikiro ichi chimatchedwa. kukanikiza.Kwa injini za petulo, psinjika ili mumlengalenga wa 9-12, pazigawo za dizilo izi ndi 22-32 atmospheres.Kuti mukwaniritse kupanikizika koyenera, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kusindikiza kwa chipinda choyaka moto kutsekedwa - vutoli limathetsedwa ndi mphete za pistoni.
Mphete za piston zimagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika:
● Kusindikiza kwa chipinda choyaka moto - kukula kwa mphete kumasankhidwa ndendende molingana ndi kukula kwa mkati mwa silinda, zomwe zimalepheretsa kutuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera ku chipinda choyaka moto kupita ku crankcase;
● Kuchepetsa mphamvu zowonongeka - malo osakanikirana a mphete pa makoma a silinda ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa malo a pistoni, omwe amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zigawo za CPG;
● Kulipiridwa kwa kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa zipangizo za CPG - ma pistoni ndi ma silinda amapangidwa ndi ma alloys osiyanasiyana okhala ndi ma coefficients osiyanasiyana a kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha, kuyambitsidwa kwa mphete kumalepheretsa kupanikizana kwa pistoni ndi kusintha kwa kuponderezana pamene kutentha kwa injini kumakwera ndi kugwa;
● Kupaka makoma a silinda ndi kuchotsa mafuta owonjezera (omwe amalepheretsa kulowa m'zipinda zoyaka moto ndi kuchepetsa kutaya kwa mafuta chifukwa cha zinyalala) - mphete zapangidwe zapadera zimatsimikizira kuchotsedwa kwa mafuta ochulukirapo ku makoma a silinda omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya injini, koma kusiya filimu mafuta zofunika kuchepetsa kukangana;
● Kuzizira kwa makoma a pisitoni - mbali ya kutentha kuchokera ku pistoni imachotsedwa ku makoma a silinda kupyolera mu mphete.
Ndizosavuta kuwona kuti mphete za pistoni zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa CPG komanso magwiridwe antchito amagetsi onse.Kuwonongeka kulikonse ndi kuvala kwa mphete kumawonetseredwa ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu ya injini ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito yake, kotero zigawozi ziyenera kusinthidwa.Koma musanagule kapena kuyitanitsa mphete zatsopano, muyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu yomwe ilipo ya magawowa, kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito.
Pistoni ndi mphete za pistoni
Mitundu, mapangidwe ndi mfundo za ntchito ya mphete za pistoni
Mitundu iwiri ya mphete imayikidwa pa pistoni imodzi:
● Kuponderezana (chapamwamba);
● Zopaka mafuta (zotsika).
Mphete zonse zili m'mizere yopingasa (mipope) yambiri yamakona anayi, yopangidwa pafupi ndi mutu wa pisitoni.Mphete zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana pamapangidwe ndi cholinga.
Mphete zoponderezera zimapereka chisindikizo cha chipinda choyaka moto, mphete imodzi, ziwiri kapena zitatu zitha kuyikidwa pa pistoni imodzi (imodzi pa injini zoyaka ziwiri zamoto zamoto, ziwiri pa injini zamakono zokhala ndi sitiroko zinayi, zitatu pa injini za dizilo), zili kumtunda kwa pisitoni.Mwachindunji, mphete zoponderezedwa ndizosavuta: iyi ndi mphete yachitsulo yomwe imatha kuchotsedwa, yomwe imapangidwa mwanjira yosavuta (yowongoka, yokhotakhota) kapena loko yovuta, pamphete zina mu loko pali popumira kwa choyimitsa.Loko ali ndi kusiyana yaing'ono (ma micrometer angapo), amene amathandiza kubweza matenthedwe kukula kwa gawo pa ntchito injini.
Mphete zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena magiredi apadera achitsulo chonyezimira, mawonekedwe awo akunja (ogwira ntchito) amatha kukhala ndi mbiri yosiyana:
● Lathyathyathya losavuta - pamenepa, mpheteyo imakhala ndi gawo lozungulira la makona atatu kapena gawo lofanana ndi quadrilateral;
● Radius (wofanana ndi mbiya) - kunja kwa mpheteyo ndi arc ya bwalo lalikulu;
● Ndi chamfer - chamfer chaching'ono chaching'ono chimapangidwa panja;
● mphete za "Minute" - kunja kuli ndi malo otsetsereka pamwamba, mbali ya kupendekera ndi mphindi makumi angapo a arc, chifukwa chakuti mphetezo zinatchedwa dzina.
The lathyathyathya mbiri ali chapamwamba psinjika mphete, amene amakakamizika kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwambiri ndi zipsyinjo mu zikhalidwe zosakwanira lubrication.Kuti muchepetse kuvala, gawo logwira ntchito la gawolo limakutidwa ndi chrome-yokutidwa, phosphated, yokutidwa ndi malata kapena kuthandizidwa mwanjira ina.Mphete yotereyi ili pafupi ndi galasi la silinda panthawi yogwira ntchito, kupereka kusindikiza ndi kuchotsa kutentha kwa pisitoni.
Mphete zapansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mbiri yovuta kwambiri.Mipiringidzo ya mipiringidzo imakhala yosasunthika pang'ono pamene ikusunga mlingo wokwanira wosindikiza.Mphete za "Mphindi", chifukwa cha kupendekera kwa malo ogwirira ntchito, zimachepetsa mphamvu zolimbana: pisitoni ikatsika (panthawi yogwira ntchito), mpheteyo imasuntha pagalasi la silinda ndi m'mphepete mwake, ndipo ikasunthira m'mwamba, mpheteyo imayenda. kufinyidwa pagalasi la silinda chifukwa cha mphero yamafuta.
Mphete zamafuta opangira mafuta zimatsimikizira kugawa koyenera kwa filimu yamafuta pamwamba pa silinda ndikuletsa mafuta kulowa mchipinda choyaka (chichotseni pagalasi la silinda).Mphete imodzi yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa pisitoni imodzi, mbali izi siziri pa pistoni za injini ziwiri (popeza mafuta amawonjezedwa mwachindunji ku mafuta).Kawirikawiri, mphete zopangira mafuta zimakhala ndi mapangidwe ophatikizika, omwe amaphatikizapo mphete zokhazokha ndi zowonjezera.
Mphete za pisitoni ndi dongosolo lawo
Mafuta opangira mafuta ndi awa:
● Chidutswa chimodzi - mphete yooneka ngati U yoyang'ana pansi pa pistoni.Pansi pamakhala mabowo ozungulira kapena otalikirapo omwe amakhetsa mafuta;
● Zophatikizika - mphete ziwiri zoonda (zogawanika) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati pake pali chinthu cha spacer.
Spacer zinthu ndi:
● Radial - perekani kupanikizika kwa mphete ku khoma la silinda;
● Axial - amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pamodzi ndi mphete zophatikizika, kupereka kuyeretsa kwa mphete;
● Tangential - zinthu zophatikizika za spacer, zimapereka kufalikira kwa mphete ndi kukakamizidwa kwawo motsutsana ndi khoma la silinda.
Zinthu za spacer ndi mbale (zosalala) kapena akasupe opindika ophatikizidwa pakati kapena pansi pa mphete, akasupe amodzi kapena awiri okha amitundu yosiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu mphete yamafuta.
Mphete yopangira mafuta imapanikizidwa pakhoma la silinda ndipo, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, imatsimikizira kuchotsedwa kwa filimu yamafuta ochulukirapo.Mafuta osonkhanitsidwa amalowa m'mabowo a mphete, kuchokera pomwe amalowera mu crankcase ya injini kudzera m'mabowo a khoma la pistoni.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo lina la mafuta limakhalabe mu mawonekedwe a filimu yamafuta ochepa pa khoma la silinda, zomwe zimachepetsa kukangana mu CPG yonse.
Momwe mungasankhire ndikusintha mphete za pistoni
Pakugwira ntchito kwa injini, mphete za pistoni zimakhala ndi katundu wambiri wamakina komanso kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono azivala komanso kulephera kugwira ntchito.Mphetezo zikatha, zimasiya kugwira ntchito zawo, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuponderezana, kutuluka kwa mpweya mu crankcase ndi mafuta muchipinda choyaka.Komanso vuto lalikulu ndi "kuphika" kwa mphete (kugwedeza chifukwa cha kudzikundikira kwa carbon deposits mu grooves ya pisitoni).Chotsatira chake, injini imataya mphamvu ndi kuyankha kwamphamvu, utsi umakhala ndi mtundu wa imvi kapena wakuda, ndipo mafuta ndi mafuta amawonjezeka.Zizindikirozi zikawoneka, ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire injini - yang'anani kupsinjika, fufuzani makandulo ndi magawo ena.Ngati kupanikizika kuli kochepa kwambiri, makandulo amawaza ndi mafuta ndipo pali mavuto ndi ntchito yamagetsi, ndiye kuti mphete za pistoni ziyenera kusinthidwa.
Kuti mulowe m'malo, muyenera kusankha mphete zamitundu imeneyo ndi manambala amndandanda omwe amaperekedwa pa injini iyi.Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mutatha kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa injini ndi ma silinda otopetsa, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphete za kukula kwa pistoni zatsopano.
M'malo mphete ziyenera kuchitidwa motsatira malangizo a kukonza mphamvu unit.Nthawi zambiri, ntchitoyi imafuna kumasula injini ndikuyimitsa ma pistoni.Mphete zakale zimachotsedwa ndipo ma grooves amatsukidwa bwino.Mphete zatsopano ziyenera kuikidwa motsatira malangizo a "Pamwamba" kapena "Mmwamba" pa iwo.Mukayika mphetezo, mipata pakati pa mbali ya mbali ya gawolo ndi khoma la groove mu pisitoni, komanso loko ya mphete yomwe imayikidwa mu silinda, imafufuzidwa.Zilolezo zonse ziyenera kukhala mkati mwa malire okhazikitsidwa ndi injini.Mphetezo zili pa pisitoni kuti maloko awo asagone pamzere womwewo ndipo asagwere pamzere wa mabowo a chala - umu ndi momwe labyrinth imapangidwira yomwe imalepheretsa kutuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera kuchipinda choyaka moto.
Mukayika pisitoni yokhala ndi mphete zatsopano mu silinda, payenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mandrel apadera omwe amakanikiza mphetezo motsutsana ndi pisitoni.Pambuyo m'malo mphete pisitoni, tikulimbikitsidwa kuthamanga mu injini - musati overestimate liwiro loyamba 800-1000 Km ndi katundu injini ndi theka mphamvu, kumapeto kwa kuswa-mu, muyenera kusintha mafuta injini. .
Ndi kusankha koyenera ndikusintha mphete za pistoni, injiniyo ipezanso mphamvu zake zakale ndipo idzagwira ntchito molimba mtima mumitundu yonse.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-13-2023