Magalimoto onse amakono ali ndi chizindikiro chomveka, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ngozi zapamsewu.Werengani za chizindikiro cha phokoso, ndi mitundu yanji, momwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe ntchito yake ikugwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso kusankha kwa zizindikiro ndi kusintha kwawo.
Kodi beep ndi chiyani?
Chizindikiro cha phokoso (chida chowonetsera phokoso, ZSP) - chinthu chachikulu cha alamu yamagalimoto;Chida chamagetsi, chamagetsi kapena chopopera mpweya chomwe chimatulutsa siginecha yomveka ya kamvekedwe kake (kawirikawiri) kuti ichenjeze anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito msewu pofuna kupewa ngozi.
Mogwirizana ndi Malamulo amakono a Msewu, galimoto iliyonse yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia iyenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chochenjeza chomveka, chomwe chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa ngozi zapamsewu.Malingana ndi ndime 7.2 ya "Mndandanda wa zovuta ndi zochitika zomwe galimotoyo ikuletsedwa", kuwonongeka kwa chizindikiro cha phokoso ndilo chifukwa choletsa kuyendetsa galimoto.Choncho, ZSP yolakwika iyenera kusinthidwa, ndipo kuti mupange chisankho choyenera cha chipangizochi, muyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu yake, magawo ake ndi zofunikira zake.
Mitundu, kapangidwe ndi mfundo za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu omveka
ZSP pamsika ikhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo malinga ndi mfundo ya ntchito, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso kamvekedwe ka mawu otulutsa.
Malingana ndi mfundo ya ntchito yomwe yaikidwa mwa iwo, zipangizo zonse zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu:
● Zamagetsi;
● Pneumatic ndi electro-pneumatic;
● Zamagetsi.
Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo ZSP zonse, momwe phokoso limapangidwira ndi nembanemba, oscillating pansi pa machitidwe a alternating panopa mu solenoid (electromagnet).Gulu lachiwiri limaphatikizapo zizindikiro zomwe phokosolo limapangidwa ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya kudutsa lipenga kuchokera ku galimoto kapena kompresa yake, zipangizozi zimatchedwa nyanga.Gulu lachitatu limaphatikizapo zida zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi majenereta apakompyuta.
Malingana ndi maonekedwe a phokoso lotulutsidwa, pali mitundu iwiri ya ZSP:
● Phokoso;
● Tonal.
Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo zizindikiro zomwe zimatulutsa phokoso lamitundu yambiri (kuchokera makumi khumi mpaka zikwi za Hz), zomwe zimazindikiridwa ndi khutu lathu ngati phokoso lakuthwa kapena phokoso lokha.Gulu lachiwiri likuphatikizapo ZSP yomwe imatulutsa phokoso la msinkhu winawake mu 220-550 Hz.
Nthawi yomweyo, tonal ZSP imatha kugwira ntchito m'magawo awiri:
Mapangidwediski ya membrane (disk)chizindikiro cha mawuMapangidwe a chizindikiro cha pneumatic sound
● Toni yotsika - mumtundu wa 220-400 Hz;
● Kamvekedwe kapamwamba - mumtundu wa 400-550 Hz.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ma frequency awa amagwirizana ndi kamvekedwe koyambira kamvekedwe ka mawu, koma chida chilichonse chotere chimatulutsa mawu ndi ma frequency ena mpaka khumi ndi awiri kilohertz.
Mtundu uliwonse wa ZSP uli ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi ntchito zake, ziyenera kuganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Membrane (disk) zomveka
Membrane (disk) zomveka
Zipangizo zamapangidwe awa zimatchedwa electromagnetic, electromechanical kapena vibration.Mwachidziwitso, chizindikirocho ndi chosavuta: chimachokera ku maginito amagetsi okhala ndi zida zosunthika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nembanemba yachitsulo (kapena disk) ndikukhudzana ndi gulu lolumikizana.Kapangidwe kameneka kamayikidwa mumlandu, wokutidwa ndi nembanemba pamwamba, resonator akhoza kuwonjezera anaika pa nembanemba - lathyathyathya kapena mbale woboola pakati kapu kuonjezera voliyumu phokoso.Thupi liri ndi bulaketi ndi matheminali olumikizira kumagetsi agalimoto.
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito disk ZSP ndiyosavuta.Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito maginito amagetsi, zida zake zimachotsedwa ndikupumira motsutsana ndi omwe amalumikizana nawo, kuwatsegula - maginito amagetsi amachotsedwa mphamvu ndipo zida zimabwerera kumalo ake oyambirira pansi pa kasupe kapena kusungunuka kwa nembanemba, zomwe zimabweretsanso kutsekedwa kwa ma contacts ndi kupereka kwamakono kwa electromagnet.Izi zimabwerezedwa pafupipafupi 200-500 Hz, nembanemba yogwedezeka imatulutsa mawu omveka bwino, omwe amathanso kukulitsidwa ndi resonator.
Ma Vibration electromagnetic sign ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake osavuta, otsika mtengo komanso olimba.Amawonetsedwa pamsika mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, pali zosankha zamatani otsika komanso apamwamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pagalimoto awiriawiri.
Membrane horn ZSP
Zipangizo zamtundu uwu ndizofanana ndi mapangidwe a zizindikiro zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, koma zimakhala ndi tsatanetsatane wowonjezera - nyanga yowongoka ("nyanga"), spiral ("cochlea") kapena mtundu wina.Kumbuyo kwa nyanga kuli kumbali ya nembanemba, kotero kugwedezeka kwa nembanemba kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wonse womwe uli mu nyanga ugwedezeke - izi zimapereka kutulutsa kwamtundu wina wa mawonekedwe, kamvekedwe ka mawu kamadalira kutalika. ndi kuchuluka kwa mkati mwa nyanga.
Zodziwika kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za "nkhono", zomwe zimatenga malo ochepa komanso zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.Pang'ono pang'ono ndi zizindikiro za "nyanga", zomwe, zikakulitsidwa, zimakhala ndi maonekedwe okongola ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukongoletsa galimoto.Mosasamala mtundu wa nyanga, ma ZSP awa ali ndi ubwino wonse wa zizindikiro zogwedezeka, zomwe zinatsimikizira kutchuka kwawo.
Mapangidwe a nyanga ya ng'anjo yamawu
Zizindikiro za pneumatic ndi electro-pneumatic sound
Nyanga ya electro-pneumatic
ZSP yamtunduwu imachokera pa mfundo yosavuta yopangira phokoso kuchokera ku mbale yopyapyala yozungulira mumtsinje wa mpweya.Mwachindunji, chizindikiro cha pneumatic ndi nyanga yowongoka, yomwe ili ndi chipinda chotsekedwa cha mpweya chokhala ndi bango kapena nembanemba vibrator - kabowo kakang'ono mkati mwake komwe kuli mbale ya mawonekedwe amodzi.Mpweya wothamanga kwambiri (mpaka 10 atmospheres) umaperekedwa ku chipinda, zimapangitsa kuti mbaleyo igwedezeke - gawo ili limatulutsa phokoso lafupipafupi, lomwe limakulitsidwa ndi lipenga.
Pali mitundu iwiri yazizindikiro - pneumatic, yomwe imafuna kulumikizidwa ku makina a pneumatic agalimoto, ndi electropneumatic, yokhala ndi kompresa yawo yokhala ndi magetsi.Mosasamala mtundu, ma ZSP awiri kapena atatu kapena kupitilira apo okhala ndi ma toni osiyanasiyana amayikidwa pagalimoto, zomwe zimakwaniritsa ma frequency omwe amafunidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa mawu.
Masiku ano, zizindikiro za pneumatic ndizochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwake, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagalimoto okwera phokoso, zipangizozi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonza.
Electronic ZSP
Zipangizo zamtunduwu zimachokera ku majenereta amagetsi afupipafupi, kutuluka kwa phokoso komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi mitu yamphamvu kapena emitters yamagetsi amitundu ina.Ubwino wa chizindikirochi ndikutha kutulutsa mawu aliwonse, koma zida zotere ndizokwera mtengo komanso zodalirika kuposa nembanemba wamba kapena pneumatic.
GOSTs ndi nkhani zamalamulo zogwirira ntchito zomveka
Zigawo zazikulu za zida zotulutsa mawu ndizokhazikika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ntchito yawo kumayendetsedwa mosamalitsa.ZSPs zonse ziyenera kutsata GOST R 41.28-99 (yomwe imagwirizananso ndi European UNECE Regulation No. 28).Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za ZSP ndi kukakamiza kwamawu komwe amakhala.Gawoli liyenera kukhala mumtundu wa 95-115 dB panjinga zamoto, komanso mumayendedwe a 105-118 dB pamagalimoto ndi magalimoto.Pachifukwa ichi, kuthamanga kwa phokoso kumayesedwa pafupipafupi 1800-3550 Hz (ndiko kuti, osati pa kamvekedwe kake ka cheza cha ZSP, koma m'dera limene khutu la munthu limamva kwambiri).
Zimanenedwa kuti magalimoto amtundu wamba ayenera kukhala ndi ma siginecha omwe amakhala ndi ma frequency amawu omwe amasinthasintha pakapita nthawi.Izi zikutanthauza kuti osati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo za ZSP ndizoletsedwa pamagalimoto wamba, komanso zizindikiro zapadera monga ma siren, "quacks" ndi ena.Zizindikiro zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu ena a magalimoto otchulidwa mu GOST R 50574-2002 ndi ena.Kugwiritsa ntchito mosaloledwa kwa zizindikiro zotere kumadzetsa udindo woyang'anira.
Nkhani za kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa chizindikiro cha mawu
Kusankhidwa kwa ZSP kuti ilowe m'malo molakwika kuyenera kuchitidwa kutengera mtundu wa chizindikiro chomwe chidayikidwa kale ndi mawonekedwe ake.Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chamtundu womwewo ndi chitsanzo (ndicho nambala ya catalog) yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa galimoto kale.Komabe, n'zololedwa kukhazikitsa analogues (koma osati pa galimoto chitsimikizo) kuti akwaniritse zofunika kuthamanga phokoso ndi spectral zikuchokera.Komanso, chizindikiro chatsopanocho chiyenera kukhala ndi zofunikira zamagetsi (12 kapena 24 V magetsi) ndi mtundu, mapiri ndi ma terminals.
Ndizosavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito zida zokhala ndi ma frequency osinthasintha, ndipo ngati zida ziwiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa pagalimoto, ndiye kuti simungathe kuyika ma siginecha onse apamwamba kapena otsika.Palibenso zomveka kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri pamagalimoto okwera - izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zina ndi lamulo.
Horn electromagnetic sound signals
Kusintha kwa ZSP kuyenera kuchitidwa motsatira malangizo a kukonza ndi kukonza galimoto, ndi kuyika chizindikiro chachilendo - malinga ndi malangizo omwe ali nawo.Nthawi zambiri, ntchitoyi imatsikira pakumasula zomangira imodzi kapena ziwiri ndikulumikiza zolumikizira zamagetsi.
Ndi kusankha koyenera ndi kusinthidwa kwa chizindikiro cha phokoso, galimotoyo idzakwaniritsa zofunikira za chitetezo ndipo ikhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino muzochitika zilizonse.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-26-2023