Mugalimoto yamakono iliyonse, thirakitala ndi magalimoto ena, zida zingapo zowunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - nyali.Werengani za zomwe nyali yagalimoto ili, ndi mitundu yanji ya nyali zomwe zilipo komanso momwe zimapangidwira, momwe mungasankhire ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - werengani m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi nyali yagalimoto ndi chiyani?
Nyali yagalimoto ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chowunikira, gwero lopangira magetsi lomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zimasinthidwa kukhala ma radiation owala mwanjira ina.
Nyali zamagalimoto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mavuto angapo:
• Kuunikira kwa msewu ndi malo ozungulira mumdima kapena m'malo osawoneka bwino (chifunga, mvula, mvula yamkuntho) - nyali, nyali zachifunga, zowunikira ndi zowunikira;
• Nyali zochenjeza za chitetezo cha pamsewu - zizindikiro za mayendedwe, magetsi amabuleki, chizindikiro chobwerera kumbuyo, magetsi akuthamanga masana, zowunikira kumbuyo kwa mbale, magetsi akumbuyo;
• Alamu za chikhalidwe cha galimoto, zigawo zake ndi misonkhano - chizindikiro ndi kulamulira nyali pa dashboard;
• Kuunikira mkati - mkati mwa galimoto, chipinda cha injini, chipinda chonyamula katundu;
• Kuunikira kwadzidzidzi - nyali zonyamula kutali ndi zina;
• Kukonza ndi kukonzanso magalimoto - nyali zowunikira zokongoletsa.
Kuti athetse vuto lililonse, nyali ndi magwero ena owunikira (ma LED) amapangidwe osiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Kuti mupange chisankho choyenera cha nyali, choyamba muyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu ndi mawonekedwe awo omwe alipo.
Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a nyali zamagalimoto
Nyali zamagalimoto zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu ndi mitundu malinga ndi mfundo zakuthupi, mawonekedwe ndi cholinga.
Malinga ndi mfundo yakuthupi yogwirira ntchito, nyali zimagawidwa m'mitundu iyi:
• Nyali za incandescent;
• Kutulutsa mpweya wa Xenon (arc, xenon-metal halide);
• Nyali zowunikira gasi (neon ndi zodzazidwa ndi mpweya wina wa inert);
• Nyali za fluorescent;
• Magwero a kuwala kwa semiconductor - ma LED.
Iliyonse mwa mitundu yofotokozedwayo ya nyali ili ndi mawonekedwe ake opangira komanso mfundo yogwirira ntchito.
Nyali za incandescent.Gwero la kuwala ndi tungsten filament yotenthedwa kutentha kwambiri, yotsekedwa mu botolo lagalasi.Atha kukhala ndi ulusi umodzi kapena ziwiri (zophatikiza zotsika komanso nyali zazitali), pali mitundu itatu:
• Vacuum - mpweya umaponyedwa kunja kwa botolo, chifukwa chomwe filament sichimawotcha pamene yatenthedwa;
• Kudzazidwa ndi mpweya wa inert - nayitrogeni, argon kapena chisakanizo chawo chimaponyedwa mu botolo;
• Halogen - babu ili ndi chisakanizo cha nthunzi ya halogen ya ayodini ndi bromine, yomwe imapangitsa kuti nyali igwire bwino ntchito ndi makhalidwe ake.
Vacuum nyale masiku ano ntchito mapanelo zida, mu chiwalitsiro, etc. Universal nyali wodzazidwa ndi mpweya inert ali ponseponse.Nyali za halogen zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowunikira zokha.
Xenon nyali.Awa ndi nyali zamagetsi zamagetsi, pali maelekitirodi awiri mu babu, pakati pomwe arc yamagetsi imayaka.Bululo limadzazidwa ndi mpweya wa xenon, womwe umapereka mawonekedwe ofunikira a nyali.Pali nyali za xenon ndi bi-xenon, ndizofanana ndi nyali zokhala ndi mafilamenti awiri otsika komanso apamwamba.
Nyali za gasi.Nyali izi zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mpweya wa inert (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon) kutulutsa kuwala pamene kutuluka kwa magetsi kumadutsa.Nyali za neon zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi lalanje, nyali za argon zimapereka kuwala kofiirira, nyali za krypton zimapereka kuwala kwa buluu.
Nyali za fluorescent.Mu nyali izi, kuwala kumatulutsa chophimba chapadera mkati mwa babu - phosphor.Kupaka uku kumawala chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa mphamvu, komwe mu mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumatulutsa mpweya wa mercury pamene kutuluka kwamagetsi kumadutsa mwa iwo.
Nyali za LED.Izi ndi zida za semiconductor (ma diode otulutsa kuwala) momwe ma radiation amawonekera chifukwa cha zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa pn mphumu (panthawi yolumikizana ndi ma semiconductors amitundu yosiyanasiyana).Kuwala kwa LED, mosiyana ndi magwero ena ambiri, kumakhala gwero la ma radiation.
Nyali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ntchito zina:
• Nyali za incandescent ndizowonjezereka kwambiri, lero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyali zamutu, ma alarm, mu kanyumba, monga zowongolera ndi zowunikira mu dashboards, etc.;
• Xenon - kokha mu kuwala kwamutu;
• Kuwala kwa gasi - nyali za neon monga chizindikiro ndi nyali zowongolera (zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri masiku ano), neon ndi machubu ena a gasi kuti aziunikira zokongoletsera;
• Fluorescent - monga salon (kawirikawiri) ndi magwero akutali akutali kwadzidzidzi, kukonza, ndi zina zotero;
• Ma LED ndi magwero owunikira padziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano mu nyali zamutu, zowunikira kuwala, monga magetsi othamanga masana, muzitsulo zamagetsi.
Mtundu wa nyali ya LED H4
Nyali zamagalimoto zili ndi mawonekedwe angapo:
• Magetsi amagetsi - 6, 12 ndi 24 V, motero kwa njinga zamoto, magalimoto ndi magalimoto;
• Mphamvu yamagetsi - mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyali nthawi zambiri imachokera ku magawo khumi a watt (malali owonetsera ndi magetsi) mpaka makumi angapo a watts (nyali zowunikira).Kawirikawiri, nyali zoyimitsa, magetsi ophwanyika ndi zizindikiro zowongolera zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya 4-5 Watts, nyali zamutu - kuchokera ku 35 mpaka 70 Watts, malingana ndi mtundu (nyali za incandescent - 45-50 Watts, nyali za halogen - 60-65 Watts, xenon). nyali - mpaka 75 Watts kapena kuposa;
• Kuwala - mphamvu ya kuwala kowala kopangidwa ndi nyali kumayesedwa mu lumens (Lm).Nyali zamtundu wa incandescent zimapanga kuwala kowala mpaka 550-600 Lm, nyali za halogen za mphamvu yomweyo - 1300-2100 Lm, nyali za xenon - mpaka 3200 Lm, nyali za LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Kutentha kwamtundu ndi khalidwe la mtundu wa kuwala kwa nyali, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu madigiri Kelvin.Nyali za incandescent zimakhala ndi kutentha kwa mtundu wa 2200-2800 K, nyali za halogen - 3000-3200 K, nyali za xenon - 4000-5000 K, nyali za LED - 4000-6000 K. Kukwera kwa kutentha kwa mtundu, kuwala kwake kumakhala kowala.
Payokha, pali magulu awiri a nyali molingana ndi mawonekedwe a radiation:
• Nyali zachizoloŵezi - zimakhala ndi babu lagalasi wamba, zimatulutsa m'magulu ambiri (m'madera a kuwala ndi pafupi ndi ultraviolet ndi infrared);
• Ndi fyuluta ya ultraviolet - khalani ndi botolo lopangidwa ndi galasi la quartz, lomwe limasunga mazira a ultraviolet.Nyali izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi apamutu omwe ali ndi diffuser opangidwa ndi polycarbonate kapena mapulasitiki ena, omwe amataya makhalidwe awo ndikuwonongeka ndi kuwala kwa UV.
Komabe, makhalidwe omwe ali pamwambawa posankha nyali sizofunika kwambiri monga momwe amapangidwira komanso mtundu wa maziko, zomwe ziyenera kunenedwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Mitundu ya zipewa, kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nyali zamagalimoto
Masiku ano, nyali zokhala ndi zoyambira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma zonse zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu:
• Europe - nyali zopangidwa motsatira UNECE Regulation No. 37, muyezo uwu umatengedwanso ku Russia (GOST R 41.37-99);
• America - nyali zopangidwa motsatira malamulo a NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), mitundu ina ya nyali ili ndi anzawo aku Europe.
Mosasamala gulu, nyali zitha kukhala ndi zoyambira zamitundu iyi:
• Flanged - maziko ali ndi flange yoletsa, kugwirizana kwa magetsi kumapangidwa ndi ma flat contacts;
• Pin - maziko amapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kapu yachitsulo yokhala ndi zikhomo ziwiri kapena zitatu zokonzekera mu cartridge;
• Ndizitsulo zapulasitiki (makona a rectangular) - nyali za flanged ndi socket ya pulasitiki yokhala ndi cholumikizira chophatikizika.Cholumikizira chikhoza kukhala pambali kapena pansi (coaxial);
• Ndi maziko a galasi - maziko ake ndi gawo la babu lagalasi, kugwirizanitsa magetsi kumagulitsidwa m'munsi mwake;
• Ndi kapu ya galasi ndi chuck pulasitiki - pulasitiki chuck ndi kapena popanda cholumikizira ili pambali pa kapu (panthawiyi, okhudzana ndi kapu amadutsa mabowo mu chuck);
• Soffit (ziwiri-zochokera) - nyali za cylindrical zokhala ndi maziko omwe ali kumapeto, mapeto aliwonse a spiral ali ndi maziko ake.
Nthawi yomweyo, nyali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi cholinga chawo:
• Gulu 1 - popanda zoletsa - nyali zotsika ndi zapamwamba, nyali zachifunga, ndi zina zotero. Gululi likuphatikizapo nyali zonse zamitundu (magulu) H (zofala kwambiri ndi mtundu wa H4), HB, HI, HS, komanso nyali zina zapadera. (S2 ndi S3 kwa njinga zamoto ndi mopeds, ndi ena);
• Gulu 2 - nyali zochenjeza, nyali zotembenuza, nyali zobwerera, nyali zoyimitsa magalimoto, zounikira mbale zamalayisensi, ndi zina zotero. Gululi likuphatikizapo nyali zolembedwa C, HY, P, PR, PY, PR, PSR, PSY, R, T, W ndi ena ena;
• Gulu 3 - nyali zosinthira zinthu zofanana m'magalimoto osiyidwa.Gululi limaphatikizapo nyali R2 (yokhala ndi babu yozungulira, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto akale apakhomo), S1 ndi C21W;
• Nyali za Xenon zotulutsa - gululi likuphatikizapo nyali za xenon zolembedwa D.
Mitundu yamagalimotonyale
zipewaKugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yayikulu ya nyali zamagalimoto
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nyali za Gulu 1 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira:
• Ndi chingwe chimodzi (kapena arc imodzi ngati nyali ya xenon) - imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyali yoviikidwa kapena yapamwamba.Podutsa zipangizo zamtengo wapatali, ulusi womwe uli pansi umaphimbidwa ndi chinsalu chopangidwa mwapadera kotero kuti kuwala kwa kuwala kumangopita kumtunda wa chowunikira cha nyali;
• Ndi ma filaments awiri - amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyali yoviikidwa komanso yokwera kwambiri.Mu nyali izi, nsongazo zimalekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wina kotero kuti zikayikidwa pamutu, ulusi wamtengo wapatali umakhala wolunjika pa chowunikira, ndipo nsonga yoviikidwayo imakhala yosayang'ana, ndipo nsonga yoviikidwa imatsekedwa. pansi pazenera.
Tiyenera kuzindikira makamaka kuti mtundu (gulu) wa nyali ndi mtundu wa maziko si chinthu chomwecho.Magulu osiyanasiyana a nyali amasiyana ndi mapangidwe ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi maziko okhazikika, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya maziko ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.
Kusankhidwa koyenera ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito ya nyali zamagalimoto
Posankha nyali m'galimoto, muyenera kuganizira mtundu wa nyali, mtundu wa maziko ake ndi makhalidwe a magetsi - voteji ndi mphamvu.Ndi bwino kugula nyali zokhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi zakale - motere mumatsimikiziridwa kuti mupeza zomwe mukufuna.Ngati, pazifukwa zina, sizingatheke kapena kufunikira kugula nyali yomweyo (mwachitsanzo, posintha nyali zamtundu wamba ndi LED), ndiye kuti mtundu wa maziko ndi magetsi uyenera kuganiziridwa.
Posankha nyali zowunikira mutu, muyenera kuganizira malingaliro a wopanga magalimoto omwe awonetsedwa pa diffuser.Chifukwa chake, kwa ma diffusers apulasitiki (ndipo ambiri a iwo lero), muyenera kugula nyali ndi ultraviolet fyuluta - pafupifupi nyali zonse za halogen zimapangidwa motere.Komanso, pa diffuser akhoza kusonyeza chizindikiro cha nyali zoyenera kapena mtundu wawo (mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "Halogen").Ndi bwino kugula nyali pawiri kuti nyali zonse ziwiri zikhale ndi makhalidwe ofanana.
Mukamagula nyali zowonetsera mayendedwe ndi obwereza, muyenera kuganizira mtundu wa ma diffusers awo.Ngati diffuser ndi mandala, ndiye m'pofunika kusankha nyali ndi babu wa otchedwa galimoto yellow (amber) mtundu.Ngati diffuser yapentidwa, ndiye kuti nyaliyo iyenera kukhala ndi babu yowonekera.Ndizosatheka kusintha mtundu umodzi wa nyali ndi wina (mwachitsanzo, ikani nyali ya amber m'malo mwa yowonekera kapena mosemphanitsa), popeza ali ndi maziko osiyanasiyana ndipo sasintha.
Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa poika nyali, makamaka zounikira kumutu.Mutha kutenga nyaliyo ndi maziko okha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito magolovesi oyera.Zotsalira za mafuta kuchokera ku zala ndi dothi pa babu zimabweretsa zotsatira zoipa - mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa nyali ndi makhalidwe amaphwanyidwa, ndipo chifukwa cha kutentha kosafanana, nyaliyo imatha kusweka ndi kulephera pambuyo pa maola angapo akugwira ntchito.
Ndi kusankha koyenera ndi kusinthidwa kwa nyali, galimotoyo idzakwaniritsa zofunikira za miyezo ndikupereka ntchito yabwino muzochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-21-2023