Pogwira ntchito ya crank injini ya pistoni, imodzi mwamaudindo ofunikira imaseweredwa ndi magawo olumikiza ma pistoni ndi crankshaft - ndodo zolumikizira.Werengani za momwe ndodo yolumikizira ili, ndi mitundu yanji ya zigawozi ndi momwe zimakonzedwera, komanso kusankha koyenera, kukonza ndi kusinthanitsa ndodo zolumikizira m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi ndodo yolumikizira ndi chiyani ndipo imatenga malo otani mu injini?
Ndodo yolumikizira ndi gawo la makina opangira ma piston mkati mwa injini zoyatsira zamitundu yonse;Gawo lochotseka lopangidwa kuti lilumikize pisitoni ku magazini yofananira ya crankshaft.
Gawo ili limagwira ntchito zingapo mu injini:
● Kulumikizana kwamakina kwa pistoni ndi crankshaft;
● Kutumiza kuchokera ku pisitoni kupita ku crankshaft ya mphindi zomwe zimatuluka panthawi yogwira ntchito;
● Kusintha kobwerezabwereza kwa pisitoni kuti ikhale yozungulira ya crankshaft;
● Mafuta amaperekedwa ku piston, makoma a pistoni (kuti aziziziritsa zowonjezera) ndi silinda, komanso ku magawo a nthawi mu mayunitsi amagetsi okhala ndi camshaft yotsika.
M'magalimoto, chiwerengero cha ndodo zolumikizira ndi chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha pistoni, ndodo iliyonse yolumikizira imalumikizidwa ndi pisitoni (kupyolera mu manja amkuwa ndi pini), ndipo gawo lapansi limalumikizidwa ndi magazini yofananira ya crankshaft (kupyolera mu mayendedwe omveka).Chotsatira chake, mawonekedwe a hinged amapangidwa, omwe amaonetsetsa kuti pisitoni ikuyenda mwaulere mu ndege yowongoka.
Ndodo zolumikizira zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo kuwonongeka kwawo nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa injiniyo.Koma kusankha koyenera ndikusintha gawo ili, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Mitundu ndi mapangidwe a ndodo zolumikizira
Masiku ano, pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu yolumikizira ndodo:
● Standard - ndodo zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yonse ya injini za pistoni;
● Zophatikizidwira (zofotokozedwa) - chipangizo chomwe chimakhala ndi ndodo yolumikizira yokhazikika ndi ndodo yolumikizira yomwe imamangiriridwa popanda mutu wa crank, mayunitsi oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mota zooneka ngati V.
Mapangidwe a ndodo zolumikizira za injini yoyaka mkati zimakhazikitsidwa ndipo zimafika paungwiro (monga momwe zingathere ndi chitukuko chamakono chamakono), kotero, ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya injini, mbali zonsezi zimakonzedwa mofanana.
Ndodo yolumikizira ndi gawo lopindika (lophatikiza), lomwe magawo atatu amasiyanitsidwa:
● Ndodo;
● mutu wa pistoni (wapamwamba);
● Mutu wopindika (pansi) wokhala ndi chivundikiro chochotseka (chochotsa).
Ndodo, mutu wapamwamba ndi theka la mutu wapansi ndi gawo limodzi, mbali zonsezi zimapangidwira nthawi imodzi popanga ndodo yolumikizira.Chophimba cha mutu wapansi ndi gawo losiyana lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndodo yolumikizira mwa njira imodzi.Chigawo chilichonse cha ndodo yolumikizira chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso magwiridwe antchito.
Kugwirizana kwa ndodo
Ndodo.Awa ndiye maziko a ndodo yolumikizira yomwe imalumikiza mitu ndikuwonetsetsa kusuntha kwa mphamvu kuchokera pamutu wa pisitoni kupita ku crank.Kutalika kwa ndodo kumatsimikizira kutalika kwa pistoni ndi sitiroko yawo, komanso kutalika kwa injini.Kuti mukwaniritse zolimba zomwe zimafunikira, ma profiles osiyanasiyana amamangiriridwa ku ndodo:
● I-beam ndi makonzedwe a mashelufu perpendicular kapena ofanana ndi nkhwangwa za mitu;
● Cruciform.
Nthawi zambiri, ndodoyo imapatsidwa mbiri ya I-mtengo wokhala ndi mashelufu otalika (kumanja ndi kumanzere, ngati muyang'ana ndodo yolumikizira pamodzi ndi nkhwangwa za mitu), zina zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.
Njira imabowoleredwa mkati mwa ndodo kuti ipereke mafuta kuchokera kumutu wakumunsi kupita kumutu kumtunda, mu ndodo zolumikizira mbali zopindika zimapangidwa kuchokera panjira yapakati kuti apozere mafuta pamakoma a silinda ndi mbali zina.Pa ndodo za I-beam, mmalo mwa njira yobowoleredwa, chubu choperekera mafuta chachitsulo cholumikizidwa ndi ndodo yokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Nthawi zambiri, ndodoyo imayikidwa chizindikiro ndikuyika chizindikiro kuti akhazikitse bwino gawolo.
Piston mutu.Bowo limapangidwa pamutu, momwe manja amkuwa amaponderezedwa, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati chigwa.Pini ya pisitoni imayikidwa mu manja ndi kusiyana kochepa.Kuti azipaka minyewa ya pini ndi manja ake, bowo limapangidwa kumapeto kuti mafuta azituluka kuchokera munjira mkati mwa ndodo yolumikizira.
Crank mutu.Mutu uwu umachotsedwa, gawo lake lapansi limapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a chivundikiro chochotsedwa chomwe chimayikidwa pa ndodo yolumikizira.Cholumikizira chikhoza kukhala:
● Zowongoka - ndege ya cholumikizira ili pamakona abwino kwa ndodo;
● Oblique - ndege ya cholumikizira imapangidwa pamakona ena.
| Kulumikiza ndodo ndi cholumikizira chivundikiro chowongoka | Kulumikiza ndodo ndi oblique chophimba cholumikizira |
Zigawo zodziwika bwino zokhala ndi cholumikizira chowongoka, ndodo zolumikizira ndi cholumikizira cha oblique zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pamagetsi owoneka ngati V ndi injini za dizilo, ndizosavuta kukhazikitsa ndikuchepetsa kukula kwamagetsi.Chophimbacho chimatha kumangirizidwa ku ndodo yolumikizira ndi ma bolts ndi ma studs, nthawi zambiri pini ndi zolumikizira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Pakhoza kukhala ma bolts awiri kapena anayi (awiri mbali iliyonse), mtedza wawo umayikidwa ndi ma washer apadera otsekera kapena zikhomo za cotter.Kuonetsetsa kudalirika kwakukulu kwa kulumikizana, ma bolts amatha kukhala ndi mbiri yovuta ndikuphatikizidwa ndi zida zothandizira (centering bushings), kotero zomangira zolumikizira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizisinthana.
Chophimbacho chingapangidwe panthawi imodzimodzi ndi ndodo yolumikizira kapena padera.Poyamba, ndodo yolumikizira ikapangidwa, mutu wapansi umagawanika kukhala magawo awiri kuti apange chophimba.Kuonetsetsa kulumikizidwa kodalirika ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa kulumikizanako pakachitika nthawi zopingasa, malo olumikizirana ndi ndodo yolumikizira ndi chivundikirocho amalembedwa (tonothed, ndi loko yamakona anayi, ndi zina).Mosasamala kanthu za teknoloji yopangira ndodo yolumikizira, dzenje pamutu wapansi limaphwanyidwa pamsonkhano ndi chivundikiro, kotero zigawozi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pawiri, sizingasinthidwe.Pofuna kupewa kutentha kwa ndodo yolumikizira ndi chivundikiro, zolembera mu mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kapena manambala amapangidwa pa iwo.
Mapangidwe a ndodo zolumikizira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana
Mkati mwa mutu wa crank, chonyamulira chachikulu (liner) chimayikidwa, chopangidwa ngati mphete ziwiri.Kukonza makutu, pali awiri kapena anayi grooves (grooves) mkati mwa mutu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ndevu zogwirizana pazitsulo.Kunja kwamutu, njira yodutsa mafuta imatha kuperekedwa kuti ipope mafuta pamakoma a silinda ndi mbali zina.
Mu ndodo zolumikizira zomveka, kutulutsa kokhala ndi dzenje lobowoka kumapangidwa pamwamba pamutu, pomwe pini ya m'munsi mwa ndodo yolumikizira imayikidwa.Chingwe cholumikizira chotsatira chimakhala ndi chipangizo chofanana ndi ndodo yolumikizira yokhazikika, koma mutu wake wapansi uli ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono ndipo sungalekanitsidwe.
Kugwirizanitsa ndodo kumapangidwa ndi kupondaponda kapena kuwombera, komabe, chivundikiro cha mutu wapansi chikhoza kuponyedwa.Popanga zigawozi, magiredi osiyanasiyana a carbon ndi alloy steels amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amatha kugwira ntchito bwino pamakina ambiri komanso matenthedwe.
Nkhani za kukonza, kukonza ndi kusintha ndodo zolumikizira
Kulumikiza ndodo pakugwira ntchito kwa injini kumatha kuvala pang'ono (popeza zolemetsa zazikuluzikulu zimazindikirika ndi ma liner omwe ali m'munsi mwa mutu ndi manja pamutu wapamwamba), ndipo mapindikidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwawo kumachitika ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa injini kapena chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwanthawi yayitali.Komabe, pochita ntchito yokonza, m'pofunika kuthyola ndi kusokoneza ndodo zogwirizanitsa, ndipo kukonzanso mphamvu yamagetsi nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi kusinthidwa kwa ndodo zogwirizanitsa ndi zigawo zina.
Disassembly, kugwetsa ndi kukhazikitsa kotsatira ndodo zolumikizira kumafuna kutsata malamulo ena:
● Zophimba za mitu yapansi ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kokha pazitsulo zogwirizanitsa "zachibadwidwe", kusweka kwa chivundikiro kumafuna m'malo mwathunthu wa ndodo yolumikizira;
● Poika ndodo zolumikizira, m'pofunika kusunga dongosolo lawo loyika - ndodo iliyonse yolumikizira iyenera kutenga malo ake ndikukhala ndi malo oyenerera;
● Kumangitsa mtedza kapena mabawuti kuyenera kuchitika ndi mphamvu inayake (pogwiritsa ntchito wrench ya torque).
Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kumayendedwe a ndodo yolumikizira mumlengalenga.Nthawi zambiri pamakhala chizindikiro pa ndodo, yomwe, ikayikidwa pa injini ya mzere, iyenera kuyang'ana kutsogolo kwake ndikugwirizana ndi momwe muvi wolowera pisitoni ukuyendera.Mu ma motors ooneka ngati V, mzere umodzi, chizindikiro ndi muvi ziyenera kuyang'ana mbali imodzi (kawirikawiri mzere wakumanzere), ndipo mzere wachiwiri - mosiyana.Dongosololi limatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa KShM ndi mota yonse.
Pankhani ya kusweka kwa chivundikirocho, pakakhala kuzunzika, kupotoza ndi zopindika zina, komanso ngati chiwonongeko, ndodo zolumikizira zimasinthidwa kwathunthu.Ndodo yatsopano yolumikizira iyenera kukhala yamtundu womwewo ndi nambala yamakasitomala ngati yomwe idayikidwa kale pagalimoto, koma gawo ili likufunikabe kusankhidwa ndi kulemera kuti injiniyo isayende bwino.Momwemonso, magulu onse olumikizira ndodo ndi pisitoni a injini ayenera kukhala ndi kulemera kofanana, koma kwenikweni ndodo zonse zolumikizira, pisitoni, zikhomo ndi zomangira zimakhala ndi misa yosiyana (makamaka ngati magawo amiyeso yokonza agwiritsidwa ntchito), kotero zigawo ziyenera kuyezedwa. ndi kumalizidwa ndi kulemera.Kulemera kwa ndodo zolumikizira kumatsimikiziridwa poganizira kulemera kwa mutu wake uliwonse.
Disassembly, m'malo ndi kusonkhanitsa ndodo zolumikizira ndi magulu olumikizira ndodo-pistoni ziyenera kuchitidwa motsatira malangizo okonza ndi kukonza galimoto.M'tsogolomu, ndodo zogwirizanitsa sizikusowa chisamaliro chapadera.Ndi kusankha koyenera ndi kukhazikitsa ndodo zogwirizanitsa, injini idzapereka ntchito yofunikira muzochitika zonse zogwirira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-05-2023