M'magalimoto amakono ndi mabasi, zida zowunikira zowunikira zophatikizika - zowunikira - zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Werengani za zomwe magetsi akutsogolo ali, momwe amasiyanirana ndi nyali wamba, mtundu wanji, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso kusankha kwa zida izi - werengani m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi nyali yakutsogolo ndi chiyani?
Nyali yakumutu ndi chipangizo chowunikira chamagetsi chokhala ndi nyali zam'mutu ndi zina (kapena zonse) zowunikira zomwe zizikhala kutsogolo kwagalimoto.Chigawo cha nyali ndi chojambula chimodzi, n'chosavuta kuyika ndikuchotsa, chimapulumutsa malo ndikupereka mawonekedwe okongola a galimotoyo.
Nyali yakutsogolo imatha kuphatikiza zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira magalimoto:
• Nyali zoviikidwa;
• Nyali zowala kwambiri;
• Zizindikiro za mayendedwe;
• Magetsi oimika magalimoto kutsogolo;
• Magetsi amasana (DRL).
Nyali zodziwika kwambiri zokhala ndi nyali yotsika komanso yayikulu, chizindikiro chowongolera ndi kuwala kwapambali, DRL ndiyosavuta kukhazikitsa pansi pamlingo wa nyali zakutsogolo, pomwe izi zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za GOST.Kuwala kwachifunga sikuphatikizidwa mugawo lowunikira, popeza kuyika kwawo pagalimoto sikofunikira.
Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a nyali zakutsogolo
Nyali zapamutu zitha kugawidwa m'magulu molingana ndi mfundo ya mapangidwe amtengo wowala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wa optics, kasinthidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zowunikira, mtundu wa magwero owunikira (nyali) ndi mawonekedwe ena opangira.
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zowunikira, nyali zakutsogolo zimagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:
• Standard - nyali yamutu imaphatikizapo ma optics amutu, chizindikiro chowongolera ndi kuwala koyimitsa magalimoto;
• Kuwonjezedwa - kuphatikiza pazida zowunikira pamwambapa, ma DRL akuphatikizidwa mu nyali yakutsogolo.
Nthawi yomweyo, zowunikira zowunikira zimatha kukhala ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana a zowunikira:
• Optics yamutu - chophatikizira chotsika ndi chapamwamba chowunikira, kuwala kosiyana kwazitsulo zotsika ndi zapamwamba, komanso kuphatikiza kwa nyali yophatikizika ndi chowonjezera chowonjezera chapamwamba chingagwiritsidwe ntchito;
• Magetsi oyimitsa magalimoto akutsogolo - amatha kuchitidwa m'gawo losiyana la nyali yakutsogolo (kukhala ndi chowunikira chake ndi diffuser), kapena kukhala molunjika pamutu, pafupi ndi nyali yayikulu;
• Nyali zoyendera masana - zikhoza kupangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a nyali pawokha mu gawo lawo la nyali, koma nthawi zambiri amatenga mawonekedwe a tepi pansi pa nyali kapena mphete kuzungulira nyali.Monga lamulo, ma DRL a LED amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowunikira.
Malinga ndi mfundo yopangira kuwala kwapamutu kwa nyali zakutsogolo, gawoli, monga lamba, lagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu:
• Kuwunikira (reflex) - zowunikira zosavuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wamagalimoto kwazaka zambiri.Nyali yotereyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofananirako kapena ovuta kwambiri (reflector), omwe amasonkhanitsa ndikuwonetsa kuwala kuchokera ku nyali kupita patsogolo, kuonetsetsa kuti pakhale malire oyenera odulidwa;
• Zowunikira (zoyerekeza, zokhala ndi lens) - zida zovuta kwambiri zomwe zadziwika kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi.Kuwala kotereku kumakhala ndi elliptical reflector ndi lens yomwe imayikidwa patsogolo pake, dongosolo lonseli limasonkhanitsa kuwala kuchokera ku nyali ndikupanga mtanda wamphamvu wokhala ndi malire odulidwa oyenera.
Nyali zowunikira ndizosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo, koma zowunikira zimapanga kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri, kokhala ndi miyeso yaying'ono.Kukula kutchuka kwa nyali za mafuko kumakhalanso chifukwa chakuti ndizoyenera kwambiri nyali za xenon.
Zithunzi za Lenticular Optics
Malinga ndi mtundu wa nyali zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zowunikira zotchinga zimatha kugawidwa m'mitundu inayi:
• Kwa nyali za incandescent - nyali zakale zamagalimoto apanyumba, zomwe lero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza;
• Kwa nyali za halogen - nyali zodziwika kwambiri masiku ano, zimagwirizanitsa mtengo wotsika, mphamvu zowunikira zowunikira komanso zodalirika;
• Kwa nyali za xenon zotulutsa mpweya - nyali zamakono zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapereka kuwala kwakukulu kowunikira;
• Kwa nyali za LED - zowunikira zochepa kwambiri masiku ano, zili ndi mtengo wokwera, ngakhale ndizokhazikika komanso zodalirika.
Nyali zamakono zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo panopa zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri malinga ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro cholowera:
• Chizindikiro chowongolera chokhala ndi chowulutsira chowonekera (choyera) - nyali yokhala ndi babu ya amber iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunikira kotere;
• Chizindikiro cha Direction chokhala ndi diffuser yachikasu - nyali yotereyi imagwiritsa ntchito nyali yokhala ndi babu yowonekera (yopanda utoto).
Pomaliza, nyali zowunikira pamsika zimagwira ntchito, zambiri mwa zidazi zitha kukhazikitsidwa pamagalimoto amtundu womwewo, komanso, mapangidwe a nyali zambiri amapangidwa payekhapayekha pagalimoto imodzi.Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha ndi kugula unit nyali kwa galimoto.
Mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a nyali zakutsogolo
Nyali zonse zamakono zili ndi mapangidwe ofanana, amasiyana mwatsatanetsatane.Nthawi zambiri, chipangizochi chimakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
1.Nyumba - dongosolo lonyamula katundu lomwe zina zonse zimayikidwa;
2.Reflector kapena zowonetsera - zowonetsera za kuwala kwa mutu ndi zida zina zowunikira, zimatha kuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo limodzi kapena kupanga mawonekedwe osiyana, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndipo amakhala ndi galasi lazitsulo;
3.Diffuser ndi galasi kapena gulu la pulasitiki la mawonekedwe ovuta omwe amateteza mbali zamkati za nyali (nyali ndi reflector) ku zotsatira zoipa za chilengedwe, ndipo amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga kuwala kwa kuwala.Ikhoza kukhala yolimba kapena kugawidwa m'magawo.Pamwamba pakatikati ndi corrugated, gawo lamtengo wapatali likhoza kukhala losalala;
4.Magwero owunikira - nyali zamtundu wina;
5.Kuwongolera zomangira - zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa nyali, zofunika kusintha nyali.
Zowunikira zowunikira zamtundu wa Searchlight zimasiyana pamapangidwe, komanso zimakhala ndi lens yosonkhanitsira yomwe imayikidwa kutsogolo kwa chowunikira, komanso chophimba chosunthika (chinsalu, hood) chokhala ndi makina oyendetsa otengera electromagnet.Chophimbacho chimasintha kuwala kowala kuchokera ku nyali, kupereka kusintha pakati pa mtengo wotsika ndi wapamwamba.Nthawi zambiri, nyali za xenon zimakhala ndi mapangidwe otere.
Komanso, zinthu zowonjezera zitha kupezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyali:
• Mu nyali za xenon - chipangizo chamagetsi choyatsira ndi kuwongolera nyali ya xenon;
• Magetsi owongolera magetsi - chowongolera chowongolera nyali molunjika kuchokera pagalimoto, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chikwaniritse mayendedwe amtundu wa kuwala mosasamala kanthu za katundu wagalimoto ndi magalimoto oyendetsa.
Kuyika mayunitsi a nyali zamoto pagalimoto kumachitika, monga lamulo, ndi zomangira ziwiri kapena zitatu ndi zomangira kudzera pamagetsi osindikiza, mafelemu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukwaniritsa zokongoletsa zina.
Tikumbukenso kuti kupanga nyali, kasinthidwe awo, zikuchokera mindandanda yazakudya ndi makhalidwe ali mosamalitsa malamulo, ayenera kutsatira mfundo (GOST R 41.48-2004 ndi ena), amene anasonyeza pa thupi lawo kapena diffuser.
Kusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyali zakutsogolo
Kusankhidwa kwa mayunitsi a nyali zapamutu kumakhala kochepa, chifukwa zambiri mwazinthu zowunikira izi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagalimoto (ndipo nthawi zambiri zosintha zosiyanasiyana zamtundu womwewo) sizigwirizana komanso sizisinthana.Chifukwa chake, muyenera kugula zowunikira zamitundu imeneyo ndi manambala amndandanda omwe amapangidwira galimotoyi.
Kumbali inayi, pali gulu lalikulu la nyali zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zitha kukhazikitsidwa m'malo mwa nyali zanthawi zonse kapena nyali zanthawi zonse pamagalimoto apanyumba, magalimoto ndi mabasi.Pankhaniyi, muyenera kulabadira makhalidwe a nyali, kasinthidwe ake ndi chizindikiro.Malinga ndi mawonekedwe, chilichonse ndi chosavuta - muyenera kusankha nyali za 12 kapena 24 V (malingana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi agalimoto).Ponena za kasinthidwe, nyali yakumutu iyenera kukhala ndi zida zowunikira zomwe ziyenera kukhala pagalimoto.
Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku mtundu wa gwero la kuwala mu nyali yowunikira - ikhoza kukhala nyali ya halogen, xenon kapena ma LED.Malinga ndi miyezo, nyali za xenon zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazowunikira zopangira mtundu uwu wa gwero lowala.Ndiko kuti, kudziyika nokha kwa xenon mu nyali wamba ndikoletsedwa - izi zimadzaza ndi zilango zazikulu.
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti nyali yakutsogolo ikugwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya nyali, muyenera kuyang'ana chizindikiro chake.Kuthekera koyikira xenon kumawonetsedwa polemba zilembo DC (mtengo wotsika), DR (mkulu wamtengo) kapena DC / R (mtengo wotsika komanso wapamwamba).Nyali zakumutu za nyali za halogen zimalembedwa motsatira HC, HR ndi HC/R.Nyali zonse zoperekedwa mu nyali iyi zalembedwa chizindikiro.Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali nyali imodzi ya halogen ndi nyali imodzi ya xenon pamutu, ndiye kuti idzalembedwa ndi mtundu wa HC / R DC / R, ngati nyali imodzi ya halogen ndi nyali ziwiri za xenon ndi HC / R DC DR, ndi zina zotero.
Ndi kusankha koyenera kwa nyali, galimotoyo idzalandira zida zonse zofunikira zowunikira, idzatsatira malamulo amakono ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo m'misewu nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-21-2023