Kuonjezera mphamvu ya injini zoyaka mkati, mayunitsi apadera - turbocharger - amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Werengani kuti turbocharger ndi chiyani, ndi mitundu yanji ya mayunitsi, momwe amasanjidwira komanso mfundo zomwe ntchito yawo idakhazikitsidwa, komanso za kukonza ndi kukonza, m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi turbocharger ndi chiyani?
The turbocharger ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha aggregate pressurization dongosolo la injini kuyaka mkati, wagawo kuonjezera kuthamanga mu thirakiti amadya ya injini chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mpweya utsi.
Turbocharger imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera mphamvu ya injini yoyaka mkati popanda kusokoneza kwakukulu pamapangidwe ake.Chigawochi chimawonjezera kupanikizika mu njira yolowera mu injini, kupereka kuchuluka kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya ku zipinda zoyaka.Pankhaniyi, kuyaka kumachitika pa kutentha kwambiri ndi mapangidwe voliyumu yokulirapo ya mpweya, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa pisitoni ndipo, chifukwa chake, pakuwonjezeka kwa torque ndi mawonekedwe amagetsi a injini.
Kugwiritsa ntchito turbocharger kumakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere mphamvu ya injini ndi 20-50% ndi kuwonjezeka kochepa kwa mtengo wake (ndipo ndi kusintha kwakukulu, kukula kwa mphamvu kumatha kufika 100-120%).Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo, kudalirika komanso kuchita bwino, makina osindikizira a turbocharger amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitundu yonse yamagalimoto oyaka mkati.
Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a turbocharger
Masiku ano, pali ma turbocharger osiyanasiyana, koma amatha kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi cholinga chawo komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, mtundu wa turbine womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zina zowonjezera.
Malinga ndi cholinga, ma turbocharger amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:
• Pamakina amtundu umodzi wa pressurization - turbocharger imodzi pa injini, kapena mayunitsi awiri kapena kuposerapo omwe akugwira ntchito pamasilinda angapo;
• Pazinthu zotsatizana ndi zotsatizana za inflation (zosiyanasiyana za Twin Turbo) - magawo awiri ofanana kapena osiyana omwe akugwira ntchito pagulu limodzi la masilinda;
• Pazigawo ziwiri za pressurization system, pali ma turbocharger omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe amagwira ntchito pawiri (motsatirana wina ndi mzake) pa gulu limodzi la masilinda.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi makina osindikizira amodzi omwe amamangidwa pamaziko a turbocharger imodzi.Komabe, dongosolo loterolo likhoza kukhala ndi magawo awiri kapena anayi ofanana - mwachitsanzo, mu injini zooneka ngati V, ma turbocharger apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamzere uliwonse wa masilinda, mu injini zamitundu yambiri (zoposa 8) ma turbocharger anayi angagwiritsidwe ntchito, iliyonse yomwe imagwira ntchito pa masilindala 2, 4 kapena kupitilira apo.Zochepa kwambiri ndi machitidwe okakamiza a magawo awiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Twin-Turbo, amagwiritsa ntchito ma turbocharger awiri omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kugwira ntchito awiriawiri.
Malinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ma turbocharger amatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:
• Ndi mtundu wa injini - kwa petulo, dizilo ndi magetsi a gasi;
• Ponena za kuchuluka kwa injini ndi mphamvu - kwa magulu amphamvu ang'onoang'ono, apakati ndi apamwamba;kwa injini zothamanga kwambiri, etc.
Turbocharger amatha kukhala ndi imodzi mwamitundu iwiri ya turbine:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - kutuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kumadyetsedwa kumphepete mwa turbine impeller, kusunthira pakati pake ndikutulutsidwa mu njira ya axial;
• Axial - kutuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kumaperekedwa motsatira nsonga (mpaka pakati) ya turbine impeller ndipo imatulutsidwa kuchokera kumbali yake.
Masiku ano, ziwembu zonse ziwiri ntchito, koma injini ang'onoang'ono mungapeze turbocharger ndi turbine-axial turbine, ndi mayunitsi amphamvu mphamvu, chopangira ma axial (ngakhale kuti si lamulo).Mosasamala mtundu wa turbine, ma turbocharger onse ali ndi kompresa ya centrifugal - mkati mwake mpweya umaperekedwa pakati pa choyikapo ndikuchotsedwa m'mphepete mwake.
Ma turbocharger amakono amatha kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana:
• Kulowetsa kawiri - turbine ili ndi zolowetsa ziwiri, aliyense wa iwo amalandira mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku gulu limodzi la masilindala, yankho ili limachepetsa kutsika kwamagetsi mu dongosolo ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwamphamvu;
• Geometry yosinthika - turbine imakhala ndi masamba osunthika kapena mphete yotsetsereka, momwe mungasinthire kutuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kupita ku chopondera, izi zimakuthandizani kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a turbocharger kutengera momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Pomaliza, ma turbocharger amasiyana muzochita zawo zoyambira komanso kuthekera kwawo.Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zamayunitsiwa ziyenera kuwunikira:
• Kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya - chiŵerengero cha kuthamanga kwa mpweya pa kutuluka kwa compressor ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya pa malo olowera, kumakhala pakati pa 1.5-3;
• Compressor supply (mpweya wodutsa kudzera mu kompresa) - mpweya wochuluka womwe umadutsa mu compressor pa unit ya nthawi (yachiwiri) umakhala mumtundu wa 0.5-2 kg / s;
• Kuthamanga kwa liwiro kumayambira mazana angapo (kwa injini zamphamvu za dizilo, mafakitale ndi injini zina za dizilo) mpaka makumi masauzande (kwa injini zamakono zokakamizidwa) kusinthika pamphindi.Kuthamanga kwakukulu kumachepa ndi mphamvu ya turbine ndi compressor impellers ngati liwiro lozungulira ndilokwera kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu za centrifugal, gudumu likhoza kugwa.Mu ma turbocharger amakono, zotumphukira za mawilo zimatha kuzungulira pa liwiro la 500-600 kapena kuposa m / s, ndiye kuti, 1.5-2 nthawi mwachangu kuposa liwiro la phokoso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a mluzu wa turbine;
• Kutentha / kutentha kwakukulu kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wolowera ku turbine kumakhala pakati pa 650-700 ° C, nthawi zina kufika 1000 ° C;
• Mphamvu ya turbine / kompresa nthawi zambiri imakhala 0.7-0.8, mugawo limodzi mphamvu ya turbine nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya kompresa.
Komanso, mayunitsi amasiyana kukula, mtundu wa unsembe, kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zothandizira, etc.
Kupanga kwa Turbocharger
Kawirikawiri, turbocharger imakhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Nyumba zonyamula (nyumba zapakati).
Chithunzi chofananira cha makina oyatsa amkati ophatikizira mpweya
Turbine ndi gawo lomwe limasintha mphamvu ya kinetic ya mpweya wotuluka kukhala mphamvu yamakina (mu torque ya gudumu), zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa kompresa.Compressor ndi gawo lopopera mpweya.Nyumba yonyamula imagwirizanitsa mayunitsi onse kukhala chinthu chimodzi, ndipo shaft ya rotor yomwe ili mmenemo imatsimikizira kusamutsidwa kwa torque kuchokera ku gudumu la turbine kupita ku gudumu la compressor.
Chigawo cha Turbocharger
Ma turbine ndi kompresa ali ndi mapangidwe ofanana.Maziko a zigawo zonsezi ndi thupi la cochlear, m'madera ozungulira ndi apakati omwe ali ndi mapaipi ogwirizanitsa ndi dongosolo la pressurization.Mu compressor, chitoliro cholowera nthawi zonse chimakhala pakati, kutulutsa (kutulutsa) kumakhala pamphepete.Kukonzekera komweko kwa mapaipi a axial turbines, kwa ma radial-axial turbines, malo a mapaipi ndi osiyana (pamphepete - kudya, pakati - kutulutsa mpweya).
Mkati mwake muli gudumu lokhala ndi masamba a mawonekedwe apadera.Mawilo onse awiri - turbine ndi kompresa - amagwiridwa ndi shaft wamba yomwe imadutsa munyumba yonyamula.Mawilo ndi olimba-kuponyedwa kapena gulu, mawonekedwe a masamba turbine gudumu amaonetsetsa ntchito kothandiza kwambiri mphamvu utsi wa mpweya, mawonekedwe a masamba compressor gudumu amapereka pazipita centrifugal zotsatira.Ma turbine amakono apamwamba amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawilo ophatikizika okhala ndi masamba a ceramic, omwe ali ndi kulemera kochepa komanso kuchita bwino.Kukula kwa mawilo a injini zamagalimoto a turbocharger ndi 50-180 mm, ma locomotive amphamvu, mafakitale ndi injini zina za dizilo ndi 220-500 mm kapena kuposa.
Zinyumba zonsezi zimayikidwa pazipinda zokhala ndi mabawuti kudzera pazisindikizo.Zimbalangondo zowoneka bwino (zosapindika nthawi zambiri za mapangidwe apadera) ndi mphete za O zili pano.Komanso m'nyumba yapakati pali njira zopangira mafuta opangira mafuta ndi shaft, komanso m'ma turbocharger ndi m'mphepete mwa jekete lozizira lamadzi.Pakuyika, gawoli limalumikizidwa ndi makina opangira mafuta ndi kuziziritsa kwa injini.
Zigawo zosiyanasiyana zothandizira zitha kuperekedwanso pamapangidwe a turbocharger, kuphatikiza magawo amagetsi otulutsa mpweya, mavavu amafuta, zinthu zowongolera kukhathamiritsa kwa magawo ndi kuzirala kwawo, mavavu owongolera, ndi zina zambiri.
Zigawo za Turbocharger zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zapadera, zitsulo zosagwira kutentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gudumu la turbine.Zida zimasankhidwa mosamala malinga ndi coefficient of thermal expansion, zomwe zimatsimikizira kudalirika kwa mapangidwewo munjira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.
Turbocharger ili m'gulu la airpressurization system, yomwe imaphatikizansopo kutulutsa ndi kutulutsa, komanso muzinthu zovuta kwambiri - intercooler (radiator yoziziritsa mpweya), mavavu osiyanasiyana, masensa, ma dampers ndi mapaipi.
Mfundo ya ntchito ya turbocharger
Kugwira ntchito kwa turbocharger kumatsikira ku mfundo zosavuta.The turbine wa unit amalowetsedwa mu dongosolo utsi wa injini, kompresa - mu thirakiti kudya.Pamene injini ikugwira ntchito, mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umalowa mu turbine, kugunda magudumu, ndikuupatsa mphamvu zake za kinetic ndikupangitsa kuti azizungulira.Torque yochokera ku turbine imatumizidwa mwachindunji kumawilo a compressor kudzera pa shaft.Pozungulira, gudumu la kompresa limaponyera mpweya kumtunda, ndikuwonjezera kuthamanga kwake - mpweya uwu umaperekedwa kuzinthu zambiri.
Turbocharger imodzi ili ndi zovuta zingapo, zazikulu zomwe ndi kuchedwa kwa turbo kapena dzenje la turbo.Mawilo a unit ali ndi misa ndi inertia, kotero sangathe kupota nthawi yomweyo pamene liwiro la mphamvu likuwonjezeka.Choncho, pamene inu akanikizire chopondapo mpweya kwambiri, turbocharged injini si imathandizira nthawi yomweyo - pali kaye pang'ono, kulephera mphamvu.Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi makina apadera owongolera ma turbine, ma turbocharger okhala ndi geometry yosinthika, machitidwe ofananirako ndi magawo awiri, ndi zina.
Mfundo ya ntchito ya turbocharger
Nkhani zokonza ndi kukonza ma turbocharger
Turbocharger imafunikira chisamaliro chochepa.Chinthu chachikulu ndikusintha injini yamafuta ndi fyuluta yamafuta munthawi yake.Ngati injini akadali kuthamanga pa mafuta akale kwa nthawi ndithu, akhoza kukhala wakupha turbocharger - ngakhale kuwonongeka pang'ono mu khalidwe la lubricant pa katundu mkulu kungayambitse kupanikizana ndi chiwonongeko cha unit.Ndikulimbikitsidwanso nthawi ndi nthawi kuyeretsa magawo a turbine kuchokera ku ma depositi a kaboni, omwe amafunikira kuphatikizika kwake, koma ntchitoyi iyenera kuchitika kokha pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera ndi zida.
Nthawi zambiri turbocharger yolakwika ndiyosavuta kuyisintha kuposa kukonza.M'malo mwake, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo ndi mtundu womwewo womwe unayikidwa pa injini kale.Kuyika turbocharger yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ena kumatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito amagetsi.Ndi bwino kudalira kusankha, kukhazikitsa ndi kusintha kwa unit kwa akatswiri - izi zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito moyenera ndi ntchito yabwino ya injini.Ndi kusintha kolondola kwa turbocharger, injiniyo idzakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo idzatha kuthetsa ntchito zovuta kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-21-2023